Applications of Upconversion Nanoparticles in Molecular Imaging: A Review of Recent Advances and Future Opportunities

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/1615

Download this article as: 

Molecular imaging (MI) is visualization and characterization of biological processes at the sub-cellular level. Early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment procedure are main advantages of this approach. Molecular probe with high affinity is one of the important requirements of MI. Within the extensive group of nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles that play a prominent role in optical MI cab be used as an MI probe. Upconversion phosphors are ceramic materials in which rare earth atoms are embedded in a crystalline matrix structure. The materials absorb light in the near infrared region and emit in the visible region via several mechanisms. This agent can be used for optical imaging, gene or drug delivery and photodynamic therapy. The present study reviews the recent development in synthesis and modulating the characteristics of upconversion nanoparticles and their applications in MI. Furthermore, recent research approaches and future opportunities regarding the development of these nanoparticles are discussed.

Molecular Imaging; Fluorescent Nanoparticles; Upconversion Nanoparticles; Contrast Agents