eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 0973-1245 2026-10-10 23 3 59951 article Anushka Nitin Lade 1 Rahul Dnyaneshwar Khaire 2 Chetana Sanjay Deshmukh 1 Vaishnavi Vinayak Ranade 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, PRES’s College of Pharmacy (For Women), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, PRES’s College of Pharmacy (For Women), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is an analytical technique for investigating low-energy physical, chemical, and biological processes in the spectral region between microwave and infrared radiation. It is particularly sensitive to collective molecular motions, intermolecular interactions, lattice dynamics, and charge-carrier behavior. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) enables coherent measurement of the temporal electric field, providing amplitude and phase information and allowing estimation of refractive index and absorption coefficient. Because THz radiation is non-ionizing and can penetrate many dry, non-polar materials, it is useful for non-destructive analysis. Applications include pharmaceutical characterization, material analysis, biomedical investigations, imaging, and industrial quality assessment. In pharmaceutical science, THz methods have been investigated for polymorph identification, coating evaluation, and monitoring of manufacturing-related changes. https://www.biotech-asia.org/vol23no3/terahertz-spectroscopy-principles-instrumentation-techniques-and-applications-a-review/ Biomedical imaging; Electromagnetic radiation; Frequency-domain spectroscopy; Molecular spectroscopy; Non-destructive testing (NDT); Pharmaceutical analysis; Terahertz imaging; Terahertz spectroscopy (THz spectroscopy); Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS)