eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 0973-1245 2026-10-10 23 3 59999 article Priti Khilare 1 Aparna Bura 1 Kishor Otari 1 Ajay Kale 1 Department of Pharmacology, Navashyadri Institute of Pharmacy, Naigaon, Maharashtra, India Diabetes mellitus, cancer, and chronic inflammation are all linked conditions with similar molecular causes, such as oxidative stress, dysregulated cytokine signalling, metabolic imbalance, and modified cell survival pathways. Despite the fact that medicinal plants have been extensively studied for their potential anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, or anti-cancer properties, most evaluations that have been done so have only looked at these effects separately, with little mechanistic integration across disease states. The Rubiaceae family of medicinal plants includes Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers, which has long been used to treat wound healing, inflammation, infections, and metabolic abnormalities. Its bioactive components, including phenolics, flavonoids, quinones, and iridoid glycosides, have been shown in experiments to have a variety of pharmacological effects in both in-vitro and in-vivo scenarios. The available phytochemical and pharmacological data on Pentas lanceolata are critically integrated in this review, with an emphasis on common mechanistic pathways related to cancer, diabetes, and inflammation. Cytokine modulation, oxidative stress regulation, insulin sensitisation, β-cell protection, activation of apoptosis, and suppression of angiogenesis and cell proliferation are highlighted. There is also discussion of translational difficulties, research gaps, and toxicological issues. Pentas lanceolata has significant potential as a multi-target natural candidate for the modulation of inflammation-associated chronic illnesses, including as diabetes and cancer, according to the body of phytochemical and mechanistic evidence. https://www.biotech-asia.org/vol23no3/bioactive-constituents-of-pentas-lanceolata-and-their-mechanistic-role-in-diabetes-cancer-and-immune-regulation-balancing-pro-and-anti-inflammatory-signalling/ Cancer; Diabetes mellitus; Inflammation; Mechanistic pathways; Natural product drug discovery; Pentas lanceolata; Phytochemicals