eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 0973-1245 2026-07-14 23 3 59515 article Shwetha Karaningannavar 1 Basavaraj Neelappa Gonal 1 Nagarjuna Prakash Dalbanjan 2 Arihant Jayawant Kadapure 3 Department of Applied Genetics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Belagavi, India Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India The intensification of agriculture through the widespread adoption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has played a pivotal role in enhancing food production, particularly following the Green Revolution in India. While these inputs significantly increased crop yields and contributed to national food security, their long-term implications for soil health, environmental sustainability, crop nutritional quality, and human health have raised growing concerns. This review critically examines the transition from traditional agricultural systems to chemical-intensive practices, with emphasis on trends in fertilizer and pesticide usage, changes in crop productivity, degradation of soil health, and associated ecological and health risks. Comparative analyses highlight reductions in micronutrient density, dietary Fiber, and phytochemical content in modern high-yielding crop varieties relative to traditional landraces. Additionally, the review synthesizes evidence on pesticide classifications, modes of action, and their documented impacts on non-target organisms and human health. The combined trends reveal that although chemical inputs initially enhanced agricultural output, prolonged reliance has resulted in yield stagnation and declining system resilience. The review underscores the urgent need for sustainable alternatives, including integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, and policy-driven interventions, to balance productivity with environmental and human health outcomes. https://www.biotech-asia.org/vol23no3/a-comprehensive-review-on-the-impact-of-chemical-fertilizers-and-pesticides-on-indian-agriculture/ Agricultural Sustainability; Crop Nutritional Quality; Fertilizer; Pesticide; Soil Health