eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 0973-1245 2026-06-02 23 2 58949 article Sushant Satappa Patil 1 Vaishnavi Vinod Dere 1 Ajay Yeshawant Kale 1 Kishor Vasant Otari 1 Department of Pharmacology, Navsahyadri Institute of Pharmacy, Naigaon, India Inflammation is an ancient, evolutionarily conserved host-defense response that plays a critical role in protection from infection and injury. Yet, if deregulated, inflammatory responses are a central element in invasive diseases like autoimmune disorders, metabolic syndromes, or cardiovascular and neurodegenerative pathology, and gastrointestinal inflammation. The clinical result of inflammation is not just a product of the extent of immune activation, but rather reflects a balance between pro-inflammatory amplification and active resolution programs. More recently, major advances have utterly changed our thinking on inflammation to that of an active, highly regulated biological process as opposed to a passive cessation of immune signals. This new way of thinking has huge implications for drug discovery. Here, we analyze this recent knowledge, focusing on cellular, molecular and signaling mechanisms controlling immune regulation in the context of inflammation and discuss how activating and regulatory pathways interplay to direct the effects of inflammation. We describe the contribution of innate and adaptive immune cell networks, cytokines, lipid mediators, immune receptors, and intracellular kinases-including NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT the modulation of inflammatory tone. Crucially, we then reconcile recent insights into immune receptor-mediated regulation and pro-resolving signaling to emphasise why interventions focusing exclusively on inflammatory suppression have demonstrated moderate long-term success. Thinking about inflammation in terms of balance and resolution gives a framework on whichthe next generation of immunomodulatory therapies can be built, specifically designed to promote restoration rather than suppression of immune homeostasis. https://www.biotech-asia.org/vol23no2/immune-regulation-of-inflammation-molecular-signaling-resolution-mechanisms-and-therapeutic-implications/ Cytokines; Immune regulation; Immunopharmacology; Inflammation Resolution biology; Signaling pathways