eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 0973-1245 2026-06-25 23 2 59279 article Nikisha Mahoviya 1 Deepak Raghuwanshi 1 Gayatri Batham 1 Kajal Singh 3 Neelima Uikey 1 Anubhuti Minare 4 Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India Department of Zoology, Govt. M.G.M. P.G. College, Itarsi, India Department of Zoology, Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls P.G. Autonomous College, Bhopal, India Department of Zoology & Applied Aquaculture, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India Molecular markers have revolutionized biological sciences and diagnostics by enabling rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of nucleic acid variations. Early hybridization- and protein polymorphism-based approaches, such as RFLP and isozyme analysis, led rise to PCR-based systems including RAPD, AFLP, SSR (microsatellites), and SCAR markers. Subsequent advancements introduced single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and, more recently, sequence-level, high-throughput technologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS). In parallel, innovations in isothermal amplification (LAMP), precise quantification (digital PCR), and CRISPR-based diagnostics (SHERLOCK, DETECTR, and related systems) have extended molecular marker applications from centralized laboratories to point-of-care and field settings. This review outlines the historical development, principal marker types, analytical workflows, clinical and non-clinical applications (including forensics, species identification, food authenticity, and conservation), along with the advantages, limitations, regulatory issues, and emerging trends that shape the future of molecular marker technologies. https://www.biotech-asia.org/vol23no2/development-of-molecular-markers-for-clinical-and-non-clinical-diagnostics-and-identifications-a-comprehensive-review/ Co-dominant Markers; Dominant Markers; mi-RNA; Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Microbes; PCR; RT-PCR; Transcriptome