eng Oriental Scientific Publishing Company Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 0973-1245 2026-06-25 23 2 59336 article Sakshi Sandip Shingade 1 Trushali Ajay Mandhare 1 Jayesh Suresh Mujumale 1 Pooja Suhas Kashid 1 Kishor Vasant Otari 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Navsahyadri Institute of Pharmacy, Pune, India Department of Pharmacology, Navsahyadri Institute of Pharmacy, Pune, India Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that ultimately shows severe cognitive decline and loss of intellectual function. Due to its widespread occurrence and substantial socioeconomic burden worldwide, it shows a major public health concern in the twenty-first century. This review highlights currently available therapies as well as emerging treatment approaches for the disease. Alzheimer’s disease is the main cause of dementia and affects a large proportion of individuals which are above 85 years. The disorder is mainly marked by progressive decline in memory and reduced cognitive functioning. Key pathological characteristics involve the build-up of amyloid plaques, development of neurofibrillary tau tangles, and decreased acetylcholine concentrations in the brain. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely used as first-line therapies in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and can offer limited improvement in cognitive function, behaviour, and daily activities. Nevertheless, the overall clinical significance of these effects is still debated. Frequently reported side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dizziness, confusion, and abnormalities in heart rhythm. In patients having moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine is offer limited short-term improvement in cognition, behavioural symptoms, and functional performance. Memantine is often administered along with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Although sometimes well tolerated, debate continues regarding the extent of its clinically meaningful benefit. While acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists may slow disease progression, they are unable to completely halt the advancement of Alzheimer’s disease. Among cholinesterase inhibitors, galantamine, rivastigmine, donepezil, and tacrine are the most extensively investigated agents for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. https://www.biotech-asia.org/vol23no2/alzheimers-disease-molecular-pathophysiology-and-current-therapeutic-management/ Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors; Alzheimer's Disease; Donepezil; Galantamine; NMDA Antagonist; Rivastigmine