The article analyzes contradictory effects and political aspects of migration and identifies correlations between the unsolved social problems of migrants and aggravation of interethnic, socio-cultural and other problems affecting the competitive capacity, social and political stability and image of the state based on the social survey and statistics data. Issues such as ensuring of public security through respect for rights and freedoms of migrants and local population in choosing individual path of professional development and pattern of life, importance of monitoring “socially-based” migration risks rating by public authorities and taking such indicators into account in political decision-making are addressed. The authors make a well-founded conclusion that social and political effects of migration manifest themselves after a long period of time, are essentially negative and affect the security of individuals, society and the state and, therefore, require the development of a scientifically well-founded, efficient national migration policy adequate to new challenges and risks.