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Yadegari M. Chemical Composition, Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Wild and Cultivated Thymus vulgaris from Iran. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2012;9(1)
Manuscript received on : 27 March 2012
Manuscript accepted on : 13 May 2012
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Chemical Composition, Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Wild and Cultivated Thymus vulgaris from Iran

M. Yadegari

Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, P. O. Box: 166, Shahrekord, Iran.

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Yadegari M. Chemical Composition, Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Wild and Cultivated Thymus vulgaris from Iran. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2012;9(1)

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Yadegari M. Chemical Composition, Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Wild and Cultivated Thymus vulgaris from Iran. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2012;9(1). Available from: https://www.biotech-asia.org/?p=9615

Introduction

The objective of study was to compare the composition, antioxidative and  antibacterial activity (against food-borne pathogens) of essential oils of wild and cultivated thymus vulgaris (family: Lamiaceae).

The aerial parts of both cultivated and wild plants were collected in May 2011 from Shahrekord (Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province). The oils were obtained by hydro-distillation using a clevenger-type apparatus. Analyses of the oils were carried out using an Agilent HP-6890 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a HP-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm). The GC/MS analyses were carried out using an Agilent HP-6890 gas chromatograph coupled with an Agilent HP-5973 mass spectrometer.

Antibacterial activity assessment was performed according to Saei-Dehkordi et al. [4] and NCCLS [5]. The test microorganisms were: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Also, amikacin was used as a standard antibacterial agent. DPPH assay and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching method were used to determine antioxidative activity of the oils [4, 6].

The major constituents of the wild plant oil were thymol (64.61%), carvacrol (6.35%), γ-Terpinene (6.20%) and p-Cymene (5.40%). The main components of the cultivated plant oil were thymol (49.58%), p-Cymene (14.23), γ-Terpinene (10.17%) and Trans-Caryophyllene (3.15%) (Table 1). The thymol was the most abundant constituents reported in a previous study [7]. In both cultivated and wild plants the oxygenated monoterpenes were the major compounds. The oil of wild plant exhibited a more prominent antibacterial activity. The oil of wild plant showed stronger antioxidative activity compared to that of cultivated plant. The more prominent antibacterial and antioxidative activity could result from the higher content of oxygenated monoterpenes in the oil of wild plant [4].

Table 1: Chemical Composition of the Essential oils of Wild and Cultivated Plant of Thymus vulgaris.

No. RI Percentage in oil
Wild Cultivated
α-Pinene 936 0.15 0.73
Camphene 948 0.33 1.14
β-Pinene 977 0.21
1-Octen-3-ol 981 0.17
β-Myrcene MH 987 0.24 0.98
α-Phellandrene MH 1001 0.27
α-Terpinene MH 1012 0.26 2.87
p-Cymene MH 1021 5.40 14.23
Limonene  MH 1027 0.88 1.17
1,8-Cineole 1030 0.53 1.12
γ-Terpinene MH 1056 6.20 10.17
cis-Sabinene hydrate 1064 1.15 0.75
Linalool 1097 2.01 1.42
Borneol 1162 1.41 0.53
Terpinene-4-ol 1174 0.40 0.36
Thymol methyl ether 1231 0.60 0.09
Carvacrol methyl ether 1241 0.89 1.41
Thymol 1298 64.61 49.58
Carvacrol 1304 6.35 2.77
Thymoyl acetate 1356 0.44 0.13
Trans-Caryophyllene 1417 1.31 3.15
α-Humulene 1451 0.19
allo-Aromadendrene 1461 0.05
Germacrene D 1480 0.11 0.35
α-Selinene   1493 0.66 1.51
β-Bisabolene 1505 0.36 1.23
γ-Cadinene   1511 0.54 0.22
δ-Cadinene   1521 0.65 0.15
Spathulenol   1575 0.05
Caryophyllene oxide 1581 2.01 1.79
Khusinol 1677 0.58
Monoterpene hydrocarbons 13.46 31.77
Oxygenated monoterpenes 78.39 58.16
Total monoterpenoids 91.85 89.93
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 3.82 6.66
Oxygenated sesquiterpens 2.64 1.79
Total sesquiterpenoids 6.46 8.45
Others 0.17
98.31 98.55

RI: Retention indices (HP-5MS column).

 Table 2: Antibacterial Activity (MIC in µg/mL) of the Essential Oil Wild and Cultivated Plant of Thymus vulgaris.

Organism Essential oil Standard drug (Amikacin)
Wild Cultivated
Staphylococcus aureus 200 300 2
Listeria monocytogenes 150 200 0.5
Escherichia coli O157:H7 500 600 2
Pseudomonas aeroginaosa 500 800 1

Table 3: Antioxidative Activity of the Essential Oil Wild and Cultivated Plant of Thymus vulgaris a

Sample DPPH, IC50 (µg/mL) β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching, RAA (%)
Essential oil (wild) 21.62 ± 0.9 96.31 ± 0.8
Essential oil (cultivated) 27.35 ± 1.2 89.87 ± 1.1
BHTb 18.25 ± 1.6 100
Ascorbic acidb 5.90 ±  0.53 98.16 ± 1.25

a Values are expressed as means ± SD of three parallel measurements.

b Positive controls

References

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